Class 390 Pendolino Tilting Trains – Railway Technology

This article explores the technological advancements, operational challenges, and overall impact of the Class 390 Pendolino tilting trains on the West Coast Main Line (WCML) in the United Kingdom. The project aimed to significantly improve passenger travel times and comfort on a historically challenging route characterized by numerous curves and a high volume of passenger traffic. We will examine the design and engineering innovations behind the Pendolino’s tilting technology, analyze the integration of the trains within the existing WCML infrastructure, and discuss the operational successes and setbacks experienced since their introduction. Further, the article will delve into the expansion project undertaken to increase capacity on the WCML through fleet augmentation and train lengthening, addressing the increasing demand for rail travel on this key route. This analysis will consider the financial aspects, technological hurdles, and the overall strategic implications for the future of high-speed rail in the UK.

Introduction of Tilting Technology and the WCML Context

The Class 390 Pendolino (EMU) represents a significant advancement in passenger rail technology in the UK. Building upon tilting train technology initially developed and sold to Fiat Ferroviaria in Italy, Alstom (the successor company) created the Pendolino family of trains. The choice of Pendolino technology for the WCML was driven by the line’s challenging geography. The WCML, including sections of the world’s first mainline railway alignment, traverses numerous curves, particularly north of Preston. Tilting technology allows trains to negotiate curves at higher speeds, significantly reducing journey times. This was critical for Virgin Trains, the franchise holder at the time, seeking to compete with air travel for business passengers travelling between London and major cities in northwest England and Scotland.

Integration and Infrastructure Challenges

Integrating the Pendolino into the existing WCML infrastructure presented numerous challenges. The initial project envisioned a 140 mph (225 km/h) operating speed, requiring significant upgrades to the signaling system. The planned implementation of the Train Control System (TCS) was hampered by the failure of Railtrack (later replaced by Network Rail), leading to delays and cost overruns. Ultimately, the maximum operating speed was reduced to 125 mph (201 km/h), though further upgrades in 2009 raised this to 135 mph (217 km/h). The Grayrigg derailment in 2007, attributed to faulty points and poor inspection procedures, highlighted the crucial importance of maintaining optimal track conditions and rigorous safety protocols for high-speed operation.

Operational Performance and Capacity Expansion

Despite initial teething problems, the Class 390 Pendolino has demonstrably improved journey times and passenger experience on the WCML. However, increasing demand has necessitated capacity expansion. This led to a major project involving the addition of 106 new Pendolino vehicles (creating 7,420 extra seats) and lengthening 31 existing trains from nine to eleven carriages (adding over 7,000 seats). This expansion, primarily executed by Alstom under a substantial contract with Angel Trains (the leasing company), aimed to meet the growing passenger demand and maintain the competitiveness of the WCML against air travel.

Technological Features and Passenger Experience

The Class 390 Pendolino boasts several advanced features. The trains incorporate electronic seat reservation displays, an in-seat audio system, and power outlets for passengers. While initially focused on premium travel with a significant allocation of First Class seating, subsequent improvements have included initiatives to enhance mobile phone reception and onboard Wi-Fi access, although these upgrades have faced delays. The relatively narrow body profile of the nine-carriage train, tapering towards the top to accommodate the tilting mechanism, presents design challenges to optimize passenger space within the constraints of UK rail clearances. The inclusion of onboard shops, accessible toilets, and sufficient luggage space catered to the needs of long-distance travellers.

Conclusions

The Class 390 Pendolino project represents a complex interplay of technological innovation, infrastructure challenges, and evolving passenger demand. While the initial implementation encountered delays and setbacks, the introduction of tilting technology has significantly improved journey times on the WCML. The subsequent capacity expansion project, involving the addition of new vehicles and train lengthening, directly addresses the increasing passenger demand. This underscores the importance of proactive capacity planning to maintain the efficiency and competitiveness of the railway network. The Grayrigg derailment serves as a stark reminder of the critical need for rigorous safety standards and comprehensive maintenance procedures in high-speed rail operations. The continuing upgrades to signalling systems and the consideration of European Train Control System (ETCS) integration suggest a commitment to enhancing safety and operational efficiency. The success of the Pendolino on the WCML highlights the significant benefits of tilting technology in improving journey times and passenger experience, particularly on routes with challenging geographical constraints. However, continued monitoring of passenger demand and proactive planning for future capacity requirements remain essential to ensure the long-term success and sustainability of the WCML and other high-speed rail routes in the UK.

Project Summary

Company Information

Alstom: A global leader in the design, manufacture, and maintenance of rail transportation systems.
Angel Trains: A leading rolling stock leasing company in the UK.
Virgin Trains: A major UK train operating company (now part of Avanti West Coast).
Network Rail: The publicly-owned company responsible for managing, maintaining, and upgrading Britain’s railway infrastructure.
Govia: A railway operating company that holds various rail franchises across the UK.